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The Battle of Carham likely took place in 1018, during a time when the kingdom of Northumbria stretched almost to Edinburgh and the Vikings had settled in York. This left the northern Northumbrian lords cut off from the rest of the kingdom. They faced attacks from the Scottish king, Malcolm II, and Owain the Bald, king of Strathclyde. The decisive clash came at Carham, where the Scots claimed victory.

While little is known about the battle itself, it’s seen as one of the most significant in Scottish history, as Malcolm’s triumph secured the River Tweed as the Anglo-Scottish border.